Fossil fuels are those energy sources that formed from the remains of once-living organisms. They include oil, natural gas, coal, and fuels derived from oil shale and tar sand. The differences in the physical properties among the various fossil fuels arise from differences between the starting materials from which the fuels formed and changes to those materials after the organisms died and were buried within the layers of the earth. Petroleum means rock-oil, and comes from the Latin petra, meaning rock or stone, and oleum, meaning oil. Liquid petroleum, or oil, comprises a variety of liquid hydrocarbon compounds; compounds made up of different proportions of the elements carbon and hydrogen. There are also gaseous hydrocarbons (natural gas), in which methane is the most common component. Hydrocarbon mixtures usually also contain minor amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur as impurities.
The production The formation of Petroleum, Natural gas and Coal
The production of a large deposit of any fossil fuel requires an even larger initial accumulation of organic matter, which is rich in carbon and hydrogen. Another requirement is that the organic debris be buried quickly to protect it from the air so that decay by biological activity or reaction with oxygen will not destroy it. Microscopic life is abundant over most of the earth’s oceans. When these organisms die, their remains can settle to the sea floor. There are also underwater areas near shorelines, such as on many continental shelves, where sediments derived from continental erosion accumulate rapidly. Insuch a setting, the starting requirements for the formation of oil are satisfied; there is an abundance of organic matter rapidly buried by sediment. Oil and most natural gas are believed to form from such accumulated marine microorganisms. Some natural gas deposits that are not associated with oil may form from deposits of plant material buried in sediment. As burial continues, the organic matter begins to change. Pressures increase with the weight of the overlying sediment or rock; temperatures increase with depth in the earth; and slowly, over long periods of time, chemical reactions take place. These reactions break down the large, complex organic molecules into simpler, smaller hydrocarbon molecules. In the early stages of petroleum formation, the deposit may consist mainly of larger (heavy) hydrocarbons, which have the thick, nearly solid consistency of asphalt. As the petroleum matures, and as the breakdown of large molecules continues, successively “lighter” hydrocarbons are produced. Thick liquids give way to thinner ones, from which lubricating oils, heating oils, and gasoline are derived. In the final stages, most or all of the petroleum is broken down further into very simple, light, gaseous molecules—natural gas. Most of the maturation (cooking) process occurs in the temperature range of 50° to 100° C (approximately 120° to 210° F). Above these temperatures, the remaining hydrocarbon is almost entirely methane (natural gas); with further temperature increases, methane can also be broken down and destroyed.
The composition of natural gas, petroleum and Coal
Natural gas consists of low alkenes such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane. Methane is major component in natural gas, it’s about 85 %. Beside it, there is also carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in it. Ethane, propane and butane in natural gas are distinguished for industry. The product is liquid. It is called LPG. Methane is always use for fuels, hydrogen source and methanol material.
Most of the substances which are contained in petroleum are hydrocarbon compounds. Beside that nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds are also contains in petroleum.
Hydrocarbon compounds containing in petroleum may in the form aliphatic hydrocarbons although alicyclic hydrocarbon. The number of liner chain alkanes hydrocarbon occupies the largest portion in petroleum and cycloalkanes hydrocarbon occupies the second largest.
Coal contains the high fraction of hydrocarbon and also sulfurs compounds.
Petroleum manufacture
After crude oil has been produced from an oil field, then the oil is treated with chemicals and heated to remove water and solids on the oil. Beside that the natural gas is separated from the oil. The oil is them stored in a tank and later transported to a refinery by truck, railroad tank car, barge, or pipeline.
In the oil refinery, the crude oil is processed further through a series and physical processes. In this case, the petroleum manufacture is a method to separate the petroleum component (fraction) using distillation principle. Because the components which are contained in petroleum are plenty, then to separate the components are used fractional distillation. In these fractional distillation processes, the petroleum components are separated based on the boiling point of each component.
From the storage, crude oil is flowed to the furnace and heated until reach temperature about 4000C. From the furnace, the petroleum components later flowed to the fractionation tower in the form of oil vapors. The oil vapors in the tower will flows through the bubble cap. Vapor component which has higher boiling point will condense (from a liquid) and it is flowed through a plate, so that it separate from other components, while the component which has lower boiling point will condense on the top plate, and so forth until obtained several of petroleum fractions.
In the fractionation tower, the vapor (petroleum) components with lower boiling point have the number of C atoms which a small relative and in the final of distillation obtained in the form of petroleum gases. Meanwhile, the petroleum components which have very much of C atoms will form a residue.
Gasoline
Basically, gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds containing of heptanes and octane isomers. The quality of gasoline can be determined based on the number of knocking which is caused, and represented by the octane number. If the gasoline has the high octane number, then the gasoline has the good quality and on the contrary the gasoline which has the low octane number is the gasoline that poor used as fuel.
Gasoline produced form the petroleum manufacture has the octane number less than 60. To increase the octane number in the gasoline is added an additive substance that is tetraethyl lead (TEL). by adding TEL in gasoline, then the octane number of the gasoline will increase large enough.
Gasoline combustion added by TEL can produce the oxide of lead which go out with the exhaust gasses or attach on the engine components. In order to the oxide of lead do not attach on the engine components, hence into the gasoline is mixed ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2). Ethylene bromide compound will reacts with TEL producing lead bromide compound in the gasoline. Because lead bromide component is volatile, hence this compound will be removed at the same time with the other exhaust gases.
Thus, TEL and ethylene bromide can causes air pollution, so that it changed by MTBE (methyk tertiary butyl ether) which can reduce air pollution.
Based on the octane number, gasoline used at present are distinguished into premium, pertamax and pertamax plus. Premium is gasoline have the octane number of 88, pertamax is gasoline having the octane number of 92, and pertamax plus is gasoline having the octane number of 95.
Naphtha
Naphtha is hydrocarbon which contain C atom from C6 – C10 in the fraction. Naphtha is a material in industry such as plastic, synthetic fiber, nylon, synthetic rubber, detergent, pesticide, medicines, cosmetic, and for solvent.
Natural gas
Natural gas produced by synthetic well. Natural gas is always use for fuels, both of in industries and also in home. It is useful for hydrogen source and the material in industries.
The production The formation of Petroleum, Natural gas and Coal
The production of a large deposit of any fossil fuel requires an even larger initial accumulation of organic matter, which is rich in carbon and hydrogen. Another requirement is that the organic debris be buried quickly to protect it from the air so that decay by biological activity or reaction with oxygen will not destroy it. Microscopic life is abundant over most of the earth’s oceans. When these organisms die, their remains can settle to the sea floor. There are also underwater areas near shorelines, such as on many continental shelves, where sediments derived from continental erosion accumulate rapidly. Insuch a setting, the starting requirements for the formation of oil are satisfied; there is an abundance of organic matter rapidly buried by sediment. Oil and most natural gas are believed to form from such accumulated marine microorganisms. Some natural gas deposits that are not associated with oil may form from deposits of plant material buried in sediment. As burial continues, the organic matter begins to change. Pressures increase with the weight of the overlying sediment or rock; temperatures increase with depth in the earth; and slowly, over long periods of time, chemical reactions take place. These reactions break down the large, complex organic molecules into simpler, smaller hydrocarbon molecules. In the early stages of petroleum formation, the deposit may consist mainly of larger (heavy) hydrocarbons, which have the thick, nearly solid consistency of asphalt. As the petroleum matures, and as the breakdown of large molecules continues, successively “lighter” hydrocarbons are produced. Thick liquids give way to thinner ones, from which lubricating oils, heating oils, and gasoline are derived. In the final stages, most or all of the petroleum is broken down further into very simple, light, gaseous molecules—natural gas. Most of the maturation (cooking) process occurs in the temperature range of 50° to 100° C (approximately 120° to 210° F). Above these temperatures, the remaining hydrocarbon is almost entirely methane (natural gas); with further temperature increases, methane can also be broken down and destroyed.
The composition of natural gas, petroleum and Coal
Natural gas consists of low alkenes such as methane, ethane, propane, and butane. Methane is major component in natural gas, it’s about 85 %. Beside it, there is also carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in it. Ethane, propane and butane in natural gas are distinguished for industry. The product is liquid. It is called LPG. Methane is always use for fuels, hydrogen source and methanol material.
Most of the substances which are contained in petroleum are hydrocarbon compounds. Beside that nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen compounds are also contains in petroleum.
Hydrocarbon compounds containing in petroleum may in the form aliphatic hydrocarbons although alicyclic hydrocarbon. The number of liner chain alkanes hydrocarbon occupies the largest portion in petroleum and cycloalkanes hydrocarbon occupies the second largest.
Coal contains the high fraction of hydrocarbon and also sulfurs compounds.
Petroleum manufacture
After crude oil has been produced from an oil field, then the oil is treated with chemicals and heated to remove water and solids on the oil. Beside that the natural gas is separated from the oil. The oil is them stored in a tank and later transported to a refinery by truck, railroad tank car, barge, or pipeline.
In the oil refinery, the crude oil is processed further through a series and physical processes. In this case, the petroleum manufacture is a method to separate the petroleum component (fraction) using distillation principle. Because the components which are contained in petroleum are plenty, then to separate the components are used fractional distillation. In these fractional distillation processes, the petroleum components are separated based on the boiling point of each component.
From the storage, crude oil is flowed to the furnace and heated until reach temperature about 4000C. From the furnace, the petroleum components later flowed to the fractionation tower in the form of oil vapors. The oil vapors in the tower will flows through the bubble cap. Vapor component which has higher boiling point will condense (from a liquid) and it is flowed through a plate, so that it separate from other components, while the component which has lower boiling point will condense on the top plate, and so forth until obtained several of petroleum fractions.
In the fractionation tower, the vapor (petroleum) components with lower boiling point have the number of C atoms which a small relative and in the final of distillation obtained in the form of petroleum gases. Meanwhile, the petroleum components which have very much of C atoms will form a residue.
Gasoline
Basically, gasoline is a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds containing of heptanes and octane isomers. The quality of gasoline can be determined based on the number of knocking which is caused, and represented by the octane number. If the gasoline has the high octane number, then the gasoline has the good quality and on the contrary the gasoline which has the low octane number is the gasoline that poor used as fuel.
Gasoline produced form the petroleum manufacture has the octane number less than 60. To increase the octane number in the gasoline is added an additive substance that is tetraethyl lead (TEL). by adding TEL in gasoline, then the octane number of the gasoline will increase large enough.
Gasoline combustion added by TEL can produce the oxide of lead which go out with the exhaust gasses or attach on the engine components. In order to the oxide of lead do not attach on the engine components, hence into the gasoline is mixed ethylene bromide (C2H4Br2). Ethylene bromide compound will reacts with TEL producing lead bromide compound in the gasoline. Because lead bromide component is volatile, hence this compound will be removed at the same time with the other exhaust gases.
Thus, TEL and ethylene bromide can causes air pollution, so that it changed by MTBE (methyk tertiary butyl ether) which can reduce air pollution.
Based on the octane number, gasoline used at present are distinguished into premium, pertamax and pertamax plus. Premium is gasoline have the octane number of 88, pertamax is gasoline having the octane number of 92, and pertamax plus is gasoline having the octane number of 95.
Naphtha
Naphtha is hydrocarbon which contain C atom from C6 – C10 in the fraction. Naphtha is a material in industry such as plastic, synthetic fiber, nylon, synthetic rubber, detergent, pesticide, medicines, cosmetic, and for solvent.
Natural gas
Natural gas produced by synthetic well. Natural gas is always use for fuels, both of in industries and also in home. It is useful for hydrogen source and the material in industries.
